Multi-State Taxation
Multi-State Payroll Taxation Training
If your company has operations in more than one state, you may be faced with income tax withholding for more than one state. Sometimes, you may even have to withhold income tax for more than one state from the same employee.
Deciding which state's income tax to withhold can be a confusing process. How do you determine who is a resident and whether you should follow the laws of the state of residence or the laws of the state in which services are performed? Not all states answer these basic questions in the same way and, sometimes, state laws conflict.
Questions About Multi-State Payroll Taxation
Q: Which State Gets Paid?A: If an employer has operations in more than one state, income tax might need to be withheld for more than one state. Sometimes the employer might even have to withhold income tax for more than one state from the wages of one employee.
All states have adopted a uniform set of four factors used to properly allocate employees who work in more than one state. Payroll departments must know all of the following factors:
- Where the individual's work is "localized" (the state where the employee works the most)
- Where the "base of operations" is (the state where the main work force is located)
- Where the place of "control" is (the state where the company headquarters are)
- When the place of residence governs (the state where the employee lives)
Q: Do Employers Have To Take Out State Taxes?A: Almost all states require employers to withhold federal, FICA and state taxes from employee wages earned for work performed in that state for both residents and non-residents. If an employee is a resident of one state but performs services in another and there is no reciprocal agreement, the employer must consider the laws of both states.
Q: What Is A Reciprocal Agreement?A: A reciprocal agreement is an agreement between two states that allows residents of one state to request exemption from tax withholding in the other (reciprocal) state. In other words, a reciprocal agreement between states allow employees that work in one state but live in another to only pay income taxes to their state of residency.
Most states have adopted legislation allowing for reciprocal arrangements with other states, under which unemployment services are covered in one state at the election of the employer. Under the arrangement, the employer is permitted to elect to cover all services of a worker in any state in which:
- Any part of the worker's service is performed
- The worker has his or her residence
- The employer maintains a place of business
These states accept and pay contributions on each other's behalf to ensure that interstate employees are not covered by more than one state's law and that the employees' rights to benefits are protected. Payroll professionals should check with each state in which business is conducted or employees reside to determine if a reciprocal agreement is in place.
For Training On How To Handle Multi-State Taxation
Don't get caught - and penalized - for not following the multi-state taxation laws for the states in which you do business. Click the applicable link below to order our training course on multi-state taxation.
Featured Course:
Multi-State Payroll Tax ComplianceThis audio conference will help you to know the taxation and reporting requirements for all states where your organization has employees working - or in some cases - living.
By attending, you will learn:

- What are the state income tax withholding rules for workers who live in one state and perform services in another
- Where is the employee subject to state unemployment insurance
- How reciprocal agreements affect taxation of wages
- Resident and non-resident taxation policies
- The four factor test for state unemployment insurance
- Which states require the use of their own Withholding Allowance Certificate, which states allow either theirs or the Form W-4, and which states don't have a form
- How the 4 part test works and how all states are supposed to implement this test
- What is done in practice when a worker travels to multiple locations - Are multiple W2's issued? Are employees provided with personal tax assistance? What about tax equalization on a state to state basis?
- What does your payroll system allow or what is your functionality around multistate workers?
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